Reviewer: Isha
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Date: Sep 02, 2025 11:06 AM
Title: Chapter 1
Microbiological testing of water is a critical process used to assess the presence of harmful microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and fungi that may pose risks to human health. The most common indicators include coliforms, Escherichia coli (E. coli), and enterococci, which signal possible contamination from sewage or animal waste. Testing is widely applied in drinking water, recreational water, industrial water systems, and wastewater treatment facilities to ensure compliance with safety standards set by organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and national regulatory bodies. These tests are essential for preventing outbreaks of waterborne diseases like cholera, dysentery, and giardiasis.
The methods for microbiological testing include culture-based techniques, membrane filtration, enzyme substrate tests, and advanced molecular methods such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Culture-based methods remain widely used for routine monitoring due to their reliability and cost-effectiveness, while molecular techniques provide faster and more accurate results for detecting specific pathogens. Regular monitoring and timely detection help ensure the safety of water supplies, protect public health, and maintain environmental quality. Additionally, industries such as food and beverages, pharmaceuticals, and healthcare rely on strict water microbiological testing to maintain product safety and comply with regulatory standards.
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